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The
Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences, commonly known as
The Ninety-Five Theses, was written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the
Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's
indulgence and in essence promoted
Protestantism. This ultimately made Luther popular overnight and encouraged others to share their doubt with the Church and protest its traditional ways; it especially challenged the teachings of the Church on the nature of
penance, the
authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences. They sparked a
theology debate that would result in the
Protestant Reformation and the birth of the
Lutheran, Reformed, and
Anabaptist traditions within
Christianity.
Background
Toward the preservation of the Castle Church received an indulgence of one hundred days per relic.By 1520 Frederick had over 19,000 relics, allowing pilgrims viewing them to receive an indulgence that would reduce their time in purgatory by 5,209 years.
As part of a fund-raising campaign commissioned by
Albert of Mainz (the Archbishop of Mainz) and Pope Leo X to finance the renovation of
St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Johann Tetzel a Dominican Order
priest began selling of indulgences. Even though Luther's prince, Frederick III, and the prince of the neighboring territory,
George, Duke of Saxony, forbade the sale in their lands, Luther's parishioners traveled to purchase them. When these people came to
confession, they presented their plenary indulgences, claiming they no longer had to repent of their sins, since the document promised to forgive all their sins.
Nailed or mailed?
According to a report written by
Philipp Melanchthon in 1546, Luther posted the Ninety-five Theses on the doors of the
Castle Church in
Wittenberg, Germany, October 31, 1517. Some scholars have questioned the accuracy of this account, noting that no contemporaneous evidence exists for it. Iserloh, Erwin. The Theses Were Not Posted. Toronto: Saunders of Toronto, Ltd., 1966.Others have countered that no such evidence is necessary, because this action was the customary way of advertising an event on a university campus of Luther's day.Helmar Junghans, "Luther's Wittenberg," in The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther, ed. Donald K. McKim (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 26 Church doors at the time functioned very much as bulletin boards. Still others suggest the posting may well have happened sometime in November 1517. Most agree that, at the very least, Luther mailed the theses to the Archbishop of Mainz, the pope, friends and other universities on that date.Junghans, 26.
Most recently, in February 2007, the media reported that a handwritten note by Luther's secretary
Georg Rörer, found in the university library at
Jena, appeared to confirm the traditional account of Luther nailing the theses to the door. This new find has yet to be assessed by scholars.E.g.,
More significant is the response and events that followed. What is important is that on October 31st, 1517 “Luther approached the competent church authorities with his pressing call for reform. On this day he presented them with his theses and the request that they call a halt to the unworthy activities of the indulgence preachers. When the bishops did not respond, or when they sought merely to divert him, Luther circulated his theses privately. The Theses spread quickly and was printed in Nurnburg, Leipzig, and Basel. Suddenly they were echoing throughout Germany and beyond its borders.” Iserloh, Erwin. The Theses Were Not Posted. Toronto: Saunders of Toronto, Ltd., 1966.
Reaction to the Ninety-five Theses
It is hard to determine and pinpoint the reaction to the Ninety-five Theses because so much was happening at the time and because historical information on the subject is not very indepth. To really be able to attribute any one event or movement to Luther's Theses is very difficult. What we can be sure of however, is that Luther had a tremendous impact on his world. The Ninety-five Theses gained enormous popularity over a very short period of time. His ideas spoke to people from many different walks of life, transcending class, status and wealth--at a time when such things were integral to social order. However, his supporters that were noble did not always follow because of his doctrine. The seizure of monasteries and their lands was enticing to princes who were plagued with financial problems. • Edwards, Mark. Luther: A Reformer for the Churches. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.
Pope Leo X wished for Martin Luther to Exsurge Domine , some from the Ninety-five Theses and others from other writings and sayings attributed to Luther, which he famously refused to do before the
Diet of Worms in 1521, thus symbolically initiating the Protestant Reformation.Schaff, Philip,
History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch III.
Bibliography
- Erwin Iserloh The Theses Were Not Posted: Luther Between Reform and Reformation. trans. by Jared Wicks, Society of Jesus. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.
References
External links
- Project Wittenberg: 99 Theses by Dr. Martin Luther (1517)
- BELIEVE Religious Information Source
The
Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences, commonly known as
The Ninety-Five Theses, was written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgence and in essence promoted
Protestantism. This ultimately made Luther popular overnight and encouraged others to share their doubt with the Church and protest its traditional ways; it especially challenged the teachings of the Church on the nature of
penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences. They sparked a theology debate that would result in the Protestant Reformation and the birth of the
Lutheran, Reformed, and Anabaptist traditions within Christianity.
Background
Toward the preservation of the Castle Church received an indulgence of one hundred days per relic.By 1520 Frederick had over 19,000 relics, allowing pilgrims viewing them to receive an indulgence that would reduce their time in purgatory by 5,209 years.
As part of a fund-raising campaign commissioned by
Albert of Mainz (the Archbishop of Mainz) and
Pope Leo X to finance the renovation of
St. Peter's Basilica in
Rome,
Johann Tetzel a
Dominican Order priest began selling of indulgences. Even though Luther's prince, Frederick III, and the prince of the neighboring territory,
George, Duke of Saxony, forbade the sale in their lands, Luther's parishioners traveled to purchase them. When these people came to confession, they presented their plenary indulgences, claiming they no longer had to repent of their sins, since the document promised to forgive all their sins.
Nailed or mailed?
According to a report written by
Philipp Melanchthon in
1546, Luther posted the Ninety-five Theses on the doors of the
Castle Church in
Wittenberg, Germany, October 31, 1517. Some scholars have questioned the accuracy of this account, noting that no contemporaneous evidence exists for it. Iserloh, Erwin. The Theses Were Not Posted. Toronto: Saunders of Toronto, Ltd., 1966.Others have countered that no such evidence is necessary, because this action was the customary way of advertising an event on a university campus of Luther's day.Helmar Junghans, "Luther's Wittenberg," in The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther, ed. Donald K. McKim (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 26 Church doors at the time functioned very much as
bulletin boards. Still others suggest the posting may well have happened sometime in November 1517. Most agree that, at the very least, Luther mailed the theses to the Archbishop of Mainz, the pope, friends and other universities on that date.Junghans, 26.
Most recently, in February 2007, the media reported that a handwritten note by Luther's secretary
Georg Rörer, found in the university library at
Jena, appeared to confirm the traditional account of Luther nailing the theses to the door. This new find has yet to be assessed by scholars.E.g.,
More significant is the response and events that followed. What is important is that on October 31st, 1517 “Luther approached the competent church authorities with his pressing call for reform. On this day he presented them with his theses and the request that they call a halt to the unworthy activities of the indulgence preachers. When the bishops did not respond, or when they sought merely to divert him, Luther circulated his theses privately. The Theses spread quickly and was printed in Nurnburg, Leipzig, and Basel. Suddenly they were echoing throughout Germany and beyond its borders.” Iserloh, Erwin. The Theses Were Not Posted. Toronto: Saunders of Toronto, Ltd., 1966.
Reaction to the Ninety-five Theses
It is hard to determine and pinpoint the reaction to the Ninety-five Theses because so much was happening at the time and because historical information on the subject is not very indepth. To really be able to attribute any one event or movement to Luther's Theses is very difficult. What we can be sure of however, is that Luther had a tremendous impact on his world. The Ninety-five Theses gained enormous popularity over a very short period of time. His ideas spoke to people from many different walks of life, transcending class, status and wealth--at a time when such things were integral to social order. However, his supporters that were noble did not always follow because of his doctrine. The seizure of monasteries and their lands was enticing to princes who were plagued with financial problems. • Edwards, Mark. Luther: A Reformer for the Churches. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.
Pope Leo X wished for
Martin Luther to Exsurge Domine , some from the Ninety-five Theses and others from other writings and sayings attributed to Luther, which he famously refused to do before the
Diet of Worms in 1521, thus symbolically initiating the Protestant Reformation.Schaff, Philip,
History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch III.
Bibliography
- Erwin Iserloh The Theses Were Not Posted: Luther Between Reform and Reformation. trans. by Jared Wicks, Society of Jesus. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.
References
External links
- Project Wittenberg: 99 Theses by Dr. Martin Luther (1517)
- BELIEVE Religious Information Source
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